163 resources on Physical AI with type, author, date and a short summary, grouped by topic.
| Title | Type | Author | Date | Summary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| What is Physical AI (glossary) | Blog | NVIDIA | Undated (accessed 2026-11) | NVIDIA's official definition of physical AI, covering both factory robots and robotaxis. It reflects the compute vendor's perspective. |
| Moravec's paradox | Encyclopedia | Wikipedia | Continuously updated | Gives the original source in Moravec's 1988 book Mind Children, with added views from Brooks and Minsky. Useful for checking citations. |
| Moravec's Paradox and the Robot Olympics | Blog | Physical Intelligence | 2025-12-22 | Fine-tunes π0.6 to complete Robot Olympics household tasks at a 52% average success rate, while a VLM baseline without robot pretraining solved 0 tasks. It frames Moravec's paradox as a data sparsity problem. |
| Gemini Robotics brings AI into the physical world | Blog | Google DeepMind | 2025-03-12 | Launches Gemini Robotics (a VLA) and the ER model, framing generality, interactivity and dexterity as three key qualities. Lists Apptronik and the ER trusted testers. |
| Learning Fine-Grained Bimanual Manipulation with Low-Cost Hardware (ALOHA/ACT) | Paper | Zhao, Kumar, Levine, Finn | 2023-04-23 | A low-cost bimanual teleoperation system plus the ACT algorithm. It learns 6 fine-grained tasks from about 10 minutes of demonstrations, with 80–90% success. |
| Diffusion Policy | Paper | Chi et al. (incl. Russ Tedrake, Shuran Song) | 2023-03-07 | Generates robot actions with a diffusion model, improving 12 tasks by 46.9% on average. It became a common choice for later VLA action heads. |
| RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models Transfer Web Knowledge to Robotic Control | Paper | Brohan et al. | 2023-07-28 | Trains a vision-language model to output actions directly, showing web knowledge transfers to robot control. A defining work for the VLA concept. |
| Open X-Embodiment: Robotic Learning Datasets and RT-X Models | Paper / dataset | Open X-Embodiment Collaboration | 2023-10-13 | An open dataset from 21 institutions covering 22 robot types and 527 skills, showing positive transfer from cross-embodiment training. A baseline fact in discussions of data scarcity. |
| π0: A Vision-Language-Action Flow Model for General Robot Control | Paper | Physical Intelligence (Levine, Finn, Hausman et al.) | 2024-10-31 | PI's first generalist policy, combining multi-robot, multi-task pretraining with flow-matching action generation. Published at RSS 2025. |
| GR00T N1: An Open Foundation Model for Generalist Humanoid Robots | Paper | NVIDIA | 2025-03-18 | A dual-system VLA pairing a vision-language module with a diffusion transformer, trained on a mix of real-robot data, human video and synthetic data. Open weights. |
| Physical Intelligence Blog (π0.5, π0.7, Pi API) | Blog | Physical Intelligence | 2024-10 to 2026-10 | A chronological view of one model company's research and commercialization path. π0.7 was released in 2026-04, and the Pi API beta launched on 2026-10-13. |
| World Robotics 2025 – Industrial Robots (press release) | Report | IFR | 2025-09-25 | Global installations reached 542,000 units in 2024, with China at 295,000 (54%) and domestic Chinese brands reaching a 57% share for the first time. Installations are forecast to exceed 700,000 in 2028. |
| NVIDIA GTC 2026: NVIDIA, global robotics leaders look to take physical AI to the real world | Case study | Robotics 24/7 | 2026-03-19 | Summarizes Cosmos 3, GR00T N1.7/N2 and Isaac Lab 3.0, and lists humanoid and industrial-arm partners. The four major industrial-arm makers integrate Jetson. |
| NVIDIA Physical AI Learning (learning path) | Learning path | NVIDIA | Accessed 2026-11 | Free self-paced modules on Isaac Sim, Isaac Lab, GR00T with Unitree G1, and SO-101 sim-to-real. Most modules take 2–12 hours. |
| huggingface/lerobot | Repository | Hugging Face | Continuously updated (28.6k stars as of 2026-11) | An open-source end-to-end robot learning library supporting hardware such as SO101 and Unitree G1. The Hub hosts thousands of robot datasets. |
| Skild AI Blog (Series C, Zebra acquisition, S1) | Blog | Skild AI | 2024-07 to 2026-09 | Announced a $1.4B Series C at a valuation above $14B on 2026-01-14 and acquired Zebra's robotics business in 2026-04. A 2026-09 post says ARR exceeds $100M. |
| Skild AI crosses $100M ARR in 10 months, mounting an enterprise assault on robotics demo culture | Case study | Humanoids Daily | 2026-09-10 | 60+ enterprise customer environments, with ARR growing from about $30M in January to over $100M; customer types include Foxconn and G10. Revenue mix: mobile bases 10%, Fetch 4%. |
| Figure Series C announcement | Case study | Figure AI | 2025-09-16 | Led by Parkway VC at a $39B post-money valuation, with funds going to BotQ production, GPUs and human video data. A representative of the full-stack humanoid approach. |
| Agility Robotics goes public, merges with Churchill Capital Corp XI at $2.5 billion valuation | Case study | Robotics 24/7 | 2026-06-29 | $2.5B pre-money valuation, gross proceeds above $620M, with Foxconn leading the PIPE; 65,000 cumulative hours across 9 sites. Multi-year orders of $300M+ are subject to milestones. |
| Boston Dynamics's next-gen humanoid robot will have Google DeepMind DNA | Case study | TechCrunch | 2026-01-05 | The production Atlas shown at CES 2026 has 56 degrees of freedom and lifts 110 lb, and serves as the first test setting for Gemini Robotics. Hyundai plans to use it for parts sequencing by 2028. |
| Unitree IPO first-day trading (Fortune) | Case study | Fortune | 2026-08-19 | Shares closed up more than 460% on day one, for a market value of about $66B; 2025 revenue was RMB 1.7B with RMB 0.6B profit, nearly 45% overseas. Most sales go to research. |
| AgiBot begins Hong Kong IPO process as China's embodied AI startups race to list | Case study | Caixin Global | 2026-07-24 | AgiBot confirms it has started a Hong Kong IPO, with 30–50 embodied AI companies expected to follow. AgiBot and Unitree dispute each other's 2025 shipment figures. |
| AgiBot overtakes Unitree in humanoid shipments before IPOs | Dataset | Humanoid Guide (citing SAG/SCMP) | 2026-08-11 | About 19,100 humanoids shipped globally in H1 2026: AgiBot about 8,400 (44%), Unitree about 5,900 (31%). These are third-party estimates. |
| AI Robotics Lab in Talks to Nab $1 Billion at $11 Billion Value | Case study | Bloomberg (via Bloomberg Law) | 2026-03-27 | PI is in talks to raise about $1B at a valuation above $11B, with Founders Fund expected to participate. Its previous round raised $600M at $5.6B. |
| Physical Intelligence Lines Up $1B Round at $20B | Case study | AI Weekly (via Bloomberg) | 2026-10-27 | PI is again in talks to raise at least $1B at about $20B, led by Avenir and Lux. That nearly doubles the roughly $11.5B valuation from May. |
| SoftBank in talks to buy stake in 1X at $6 billion valuation | Case study | Reuters (via The Star) | 2026-08-27 | SoftBank is reportedly in talks to buy a majority stake in 1X at about $6B, which Reuters could not independently confirm. Also notes SoftBank's $5.4B acquisition of ABB's robotics business. |
| Fact Sheet: President Trump Adjusts Imports of Robotics, Industrial Machinery, and Their Parts | Official report | The White House | 2026-10-28 | A proclamation under Section 232 on imports of robotics and industrial machinery, directing Commerce and USTR to negotiate with trading partners. The fact sheet lists no tariff rates. |
| As Chinese Robotics Industry Surges, Senate Considers Limited Federal Procurement Ban | Report | FDD | 2026-03-27 | Cotton and Schumer propose limiting federal funds for buying ground unmanned systems, including humanoids, from foreign adversaries, with a counterintelligence exemption. Cites about 300,000 installations in China in 2024. |
| Apptronik raises $520 million for humanoid robots | Case study | Trending Topics | 2026-02-12 | A $520M Series A-X brings total Series A funding above $935M at a valuation above $5B, with new investors including John Deere and QIA. Partners include Mercedes-Benz, GXO and Jabil. |
| Playground Global Portfolio / Lux Capital Companies | Organization page | Playground Global; Lux Capital | Accessed 2026-11 | Portfolio pages of two VCs: Playground lists robotics companies such as Agility, and Lux lists Physical Intelligence. |
| π0: Our First Generalist Policy | Blog | Physical Intelligence | 2024-10-31 | Introduces the π0 generalist policy, pretrained on data from 8 dexterous robots plus OXE and internet data. Demos include folding laundry and clearing tables. |
| Sporks of AGI | Blog | Sergey Levine | 2025-07-21 | Simulation, human video and handheld grippers are all proxy data, and stronger models learn the gap between proxy and reality. Real robot data remains indispensable. |
| Good Old-Fashioned Engineering Can Close the 100,000-Year "Data Gap" in Robotics | Paper (commentary) | Ken Goldberg, Science Robotics | 2025-08 | Estimates internet text equals about 100,000 years of reading and argues for using traditional engineering to make robots commercially viable first, then collecting data. Cites Ambi's 22 years of data as an example. |
| π0.7 | Blog | Physical Intelligence | 2026-04-16 | A steerable generalist VLA prompted with metadata and subgoal images. Shows zero-shot cross-embodiment laundry folding and early signs of compositional generalization. |
| GEN-0: Embodied Foundation Models That Scale with Physical Interaction | Blog | Generalist AI | 2025-11-04 | Trained on 270,000 hours of real manipulation data and reports a power law from data to performance. Only models of 7B+ parameters could absorb the pretraining data. |
| Octo: An Open-Source Generalist Robot Policy | Paper / repository | Octo Model Team | 2024-05-20 | An open-source policy trained on 800,000 OXE trajectories and validated on 9 platforms. It can be fine-tuned in a few hours on a consumer GPU. |
| OpenVLA: An Open-Source Vision-Language-Action Model | Paper / repository | Kim et al. | 2024-06-13 | A 7B open-source VLA trained on 970,000 demonstrations, with 16.5% higher success than RT-2-X (55B). Also studies efficient fine-tuning. |
| Mobile ALOHA | Paper | Fu, Zhao, Finn | 2024-01-04 | Whole-body teleoperation with a mobile base, using 50 demonstrations per task. Co-training with static data raises success by up to 90%. |
| Universal Manipulation Interface (UMI) | Paper / hardware | Chi et al. | 2024-02-15 | A handheld gripper for collecting demonstrations in the wild, using latency matching and relative-trajectory action representation. The resulting policies are hardware-agnostic. |
| DROID: A Large-Scale In-The-Wild Robot Manipulation Dataset | Dataset | Khazatsky et al. | 2024-03-19 | 76,000 trajectories (350 hours) across 564 scenes, collected by 50 people on three continents over 12 months. Includes an open-source hardware reproduction guide. |
| AgiBot World Colosseo | Dataset / paper | AgiBot World Contributors | 2025-03-09 | 1M+ trajectories across 217 tasks, improving on OXE pretraining by 30% on average. The GO-1 policy improves predictably with more data. |
| Data Scaling Laws in Imitation Learning for Robotic Manipulation | Paper | Lin et al. | 2024-10-24 | Based on 40,000+ demonstrations and 15,000+ real-robot trials, generalization follows a power law in the number of environments and objects. Diversity matters far more than demonstration count. |
| FAST: Efficient Action Tokenization for Vision-Language-Action Models | Paper | Pertsch et al. | 2025-01-16 | Compresses actions with DCT before tokenizing them, with FAST+ as a universal action tokenizer. Cuts training time by up to 5x. |
| π0.5: a VLA with Open-World Generalization | Paper | Physical Intelligence | 2025-04-22 | Co-trains on heterogeneous data and completes long-horizon cleanup in new homes. Shows that knowledge transfer is key to generalization. |
| π*0.6: a VLA That Learns From Experience | Paper | Physical Intelligence | 2025-11-18 | Recap: advantage-conditioned RL that improves from demonstrations, autonomous data and human interventions. Doubles throughput and halves failure rate. |
| Gemini Robotics: Bringing AI into the Physical World | Paper | Gemini Robotics Team | 2025-03-25 | VLA and ER models built on Gemini 2.0 that learn new tasks from as few as 100 demonstrations. They can adapt to new embodiments. |
| Gemini Robotics 1.5 | Paper | Gemini Robotics Team | 2025-10-02 | Motion Transfer learns from multi-embodiment data, and the model thinks in language before acting. ER 1.5 sets a new state of the art in embodied reasoning. |
| Introducing Gemini Robotics ER 2 | Blog | Google DeepMind | 2026-07-30 | A high-level reasoning model that orchestrates VLAs as tools, with video progress tracking and multi-robot collaboration. Available through the Gemini API. |
| NVIDIA and Global Robotics Leaders Take Physical AI to the Real World | Press release | NVIDIA Newsroom | 2026-03-16 | Previews the GR00T N2 world action model and opens N1.7 early access for commercial use. Releases Cosmos 3. |
| SmolVLA | Paper / repository | Shukor et al., Hugging Face | 2025-06-02 | A 450M-parameter community VLA pretrained on fewer than 30,000 community episodes. Runs on consumer hardware. |
| EgoMimic: Scaling Imitation Learning via Egocentric Video | Paper | Kareer et al. | 2024-10-31 | Collects egocentric human data with Project Aria glasses and trains on human and robot data jointly. One hour of human hand data is worth more than robot data. |
| V-JEPA 2 | Paper | Assran et al., Meta | 2025-06-11 | Self-supervised pretraining on 1M+ hours of internet video, then post-training a world model on under 62 hours of robot video. Achieves zero-shot pick-and-place in new labs. |
| Domain Randomization for Transferring Deep Neural Networks from Simulation to the Real World | Paper | Tobin et al. | 2017-03-20 | Randomizes simulated rendering and achieves 1.5 cm localization accuracy in the real world. The first transfer to real-robot control trained only on simulated RGB. |
| Why Today's Humanoids Won't Learn Dexterity | Blog (long-form) | Rodney Brooks | 2025-09-26 | Argues video cannot teach dexterity because it lacks touch and force, and end-to-end learning needs the right front end. Full-size walking humanoids carry safety risks. |
| F.02 Contributed to the Production of 30,000 Cars at BMW | Case study | Figure AI | 2025-11-19 | Figure 02 ran at BMW for 11 months and 1,250+ hours, with published KPI targets and lessons from forearm failures. Actual KPI results were not published, and the robot has been retired. |
| Agility, GXO Logistics plan expanded deployment of Digit humanoid | Case study | The Robot Report | 2026-10-26 | GXO will expand Digit to two more sites from early 2027; Digit has moved 100,000+ totes at Flowery Branch. GXO is reported as saying humanoids have not yet reached ROI. |
| Boston Dynamics Unveils New Atlas Robot to Revolutionize Industry | Case study | Boston Dynamics | 2026-01-05 | Product Atlas: 56 degrees of freedom, 50 kg payload, autonomous battery swap, with 2026 capacity fully allocated to Hyundai RMAC and Google DeepMind. Hyundai plans a robot factory with 30,000 units of annual capacity. |
| Linux Foundation Announces Contribution of Newton | Blog | Linux Foundation | 2025-09-29 | Newton, co-developed by Disney Research, Google DeepMind and NVIDIA, is built on Warp and OpenUSD with multiple solvers. It is hosted neutrally by the Linux Foundation. |
| MuJoCo Playground | Paper | Zakka et al. (Google DeepMind, UC Berkeley, et al.) | 2025-02-12 | An open-source robot learning framework on MJX that trains policies in minutes on a single GPU. Shows zero-shot sim-to-real on quadrupeds, humanoids, dexterous hands and arms. |
| Jetson Thor product page | Report | NVIDIA | Accessed 2026-11 | T5000: 2070 FP4 sparse TFLOPS, 128 GB, 40–130 W; T4000: 1200 TFLOPS, 64 GB. Built for on-robot inference. |
| NVIDIA Tells Resellers to Open Jetson AGX Thor Developer Kit Orders at $3,499 | Blog | Hackster.io | 2025 | The developer kit is priced at $3,499 with configurable 40–130 W power. Regional retail prices are higher. |
| Announcing General Availability for NVIDIA Isaac Sim 5.0 and NVIDIA Isaac Lab 2.2 | Blog | NVIDIA Developer Blog | 2025 (SIGGRAPH 2025; first published 2025-06-16) | Isaac Sim 5.0 is generally available with extensions on GitHub, while parts of Kit remain closed source. Isaac Lab 2.2 adds closed-loop evaluation of GR00T N models and supports ROS 2 Jazzy. |
| Genesis World (GitHub repository) | Repository | Genesis-Embodied-AI / Genesis AI | Since 2024-12, continuously updated | A simulation platform combining multiple physics engines, a renderer and a compiler, under Apache 2.0 with about 30k stars. Now officially supported by Genesis AI. |
| Genesis AI launches with $105M seed funding from Eclipse, Khosla | Blog | TechCrunch | 2025-07-01 | Genesis AI raised a $105M seed round and generates synthetic data with its own physics engine. It plans to open-source part of its data engine. |
| ISO 10218-2:2025 | Report | ISO | 2025-02 | Second edition of the safety standard for industrial robot applications and cells, replacing the 2011 edition. Aimed at integrators. |
| Updated ISO 10218: Answers to FAQs | Blog | A3 / Automate.org | 2025-03-20 | Explains the split between 10218-1 (manufacturers) and 10218-2 (integrators), with clearer functional safety requirements. The 2025 edition replaces the 2011 edition. |
| ISO 25785-1 (committee draft page) | Report | ISO | 2026 (committee draft stage) | Safety for dynamically stable industrial mobile robots (legged, humanoid, wheeled balancing); Part 1 covers the robot, Part 2 the application. Still under development. |
| ISO 25785-1 explained and what it means for humanoid robot safety | Blog | i-scoop | 2026 | Explains the scope and progress of ISO 25785-1 and says the working group met in Barcelona in 2025-10. Working group membership details are secondhand. |
| Safety standard for industrial mobile robot systems and applications available | Blog | Control Engineering | Around 2023 (not confirmed) | ANSI/A3 R15.08-2 is released for integrators, covering IMR interaction with workstations and charging stations. A Part 3 for users is planned. |
| UL 3300 examines safety of human-robot interaction | Blog | The Robot Report | 2020 | UL 3300 is an Outline of Investigation for SCIEE service robots, focused on safety in occupied environments. It later seeded a consensus standard. |
| prEN ISO 13482 / ISO/DIS 13482:2024 catalog page | Report | iTeh Standards (republishing CEN/ISO) | 2024 | Draft revision of ISO 13482 that broadens the scope to personal and professional service robots. It will replace the 2014 edition. |
| The global market for robots could reach $38 billion by 2035 | Report | Goldman Sachs | 2024 | Humanoid manufacturing cost range fell from $50k–250k to $30k–150k, a roughly 40% drop versus the expected 15–20%. Includes a 2035 market size forecast. |
| Bank of America humanoid robot forecast: 3 billion by 2060 | Report | Fortune | 2026-03-13 | BofA estimates the BOM of a Chinese-made humanoid at about $35k in 2025 and under $17k by 2030, versus about $90k–100k per Western pilot robot. Includes long-term installation forecasts. |
| Unitree G1 product page | Case study | Unitree | Accessed 2026-11 | G1 is listed at $13.5K (excluding tax and shipping), weighs about 35 kg with 23 degrees of freedom. Battery life is about 2 hours. |
| Amazon deploys its one millionth robot, releases generative AI model | Case study | TechCrunch | 2025-07-01 | Amazon's millionth robot was delivered in Japan, and DeepFleet is said to improve fleet efficiency by 10%. WSJ reports robots are involved in 75% of global deliveries. |
| Symbotic to acquire Walmart's Advanced Systems and Robotics Business | Case study | Supply Chain 247 | 2025-01 | Symbotic acquires Walmart's robotics business for $200M cash plus contingent consideration, deploying the technology to all 42 Walmart RDCs. A plan covers 400 store APD centers. |
| DHL Group signs MOU with Boston Dynamics for additional 1K robot deployment | Case study | Robotics 24/7 | 2025-05-13 | DHL signs an MoU with Boston Dynamics to deploy 1,000+ more Stretch robots and extend into case picking. Unloading reaches up to 700 cases per hour. |
| Apptronik press releases | Case study | Apptronik | 2024–2026 | Mercedes commercial agreement (2024-03), GXO PoC (2024-06), NVIDIA simulation (2025-03), Series A above $935M (2026-02). Robot Park data collection (2026-06). |
| Dyna Robotics turns napkin folding into a Din Tai Fung rollout | Case study | RuntimeWire | 2026-08-27 | Dyna says Dyna-2 passed Din Tai Fung's ROI threshold, producing 1,590 table-ready napkins per shift. The main source is Dyna's own announcement. |
| Dyna Robotics Unveils DYNA-1 | Case study | Robotics Tomorrow (press release) | 2025-04-30 | DYNA-1 is claimed to fold napkins for 24 hours with zero intervention at 99% success on a fixed bimanual setup. Results are from company testing. |
| Keynote: From Lab to Life — Practical Lessons Deploying Humanoid Robots | Talk | A3 Humanoid Robot Forum 2025 | 2025 | First-hand lessons from deploying humanoid robots. The speaker may be from Agility (not confirmed). |
| Dr. Nick Paine (team page) | Team page | Apptronik | Accessed 2026-11 | Profile of Apptronik's co-founder and CTO, with a background in actuator and humanoid body design. |
| Humanoid robot to enter production lines at Hyundai's Georgia Metaplant in 2028 | Case study | The Korea Herald | 2026-01 | The production version of Atlas is planned to join the Metaplant America line in 2028 after training at RMAC. This is a future plan, not a current deployment. |
| Global Robot Demand in Factories Doubles Over 10 Years | Report | IFR | 2025-09-25 | 542,000 industrial robots were installed worldwide in 2024, the fourth straight year above 500,000. Asia accounted for 74%. |
| Service Robots See Global Growth Boom | Report | IFR | 2025-10-07 | Nearly 200,000 professional service robots were sold in 2024: logistics 102,900, cleaning 25,000+ (+34%), agriculture 19,500 (-6%), medical 16,700 (+91%). RaaS grew 31%. |
| Intuitive Announces Third Quarter 2026 Earnings(8-K Ex 99.1) | Case study | Intuitive Surgical / SEC | 2026-10-20 | Quarterly revenue of $3.05 billion and an installed base of 12,094 da Vinci systems. Procedure volume grew about 15%. |
| Symbotic Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2025 Results(8-K Ex 99.1) | Case study | Symbotic / SEC | 2025-11-24 | FY2025 revenue of $2.247 billion, up 26%, with a net loss of $91 million. Risk factors cite dependence on Walmart. |
| Symbotic: $22.5 Billion Backlog… | Blog | Panabee | 2025-11-24 | AI-generated secondary analysis claiming a $22.5 billion backlog, Walmart at 85% of revenue and an adverse internal-control audit opinion. The page itself warns it may contain errors. |
| AutoStore: Q3 2025 financial results | Case study | AutoStore / Cision | 2025-11-06 | About 1,850 systems across 63 countries, with a 73.1% gross margin and 47.1% adjusted EBITDA margin. Revenue fell 3.6% year over year. |
| Locus Robotics surpasses 5B picks | Case study | The Robot Report | 2025-04-24 | Locus passed 5 billion cumulative picks across 150+ customers and 350+ sites. DHL alone passed 500 million picks in June 2024. |
| Locus Robotics surpasses 6 billion picks | Case study | Robotics 24/7 | 2025-10-23 | The latest billion picks took 24 weeks, with annual growth of 30–40%. Incremental deployments rose by nearly 50% during peak season. |
| Amazon deploys 1 millionth robot / DeepFleet | Blog | Amazon | 2025-07 | Amazon's millionth robot was deployed in Japan, and DeepFleet improves fleet travel time by 10%. Amazon has trained 700,000+ employees since 2019. |
| Brain Corp mobile robot fleet reaches 250B sq ft | Case study | Automated Warehouse | 2024-11-12 | 37,000+ AMRs with 19 million+ hours of autonomous operation. OEM partners include Tennant. |
| Brain Corp fleet tops 50,000 robots worldwide | Blog | Arabian Post | 2026-08-07 | Claims the fleet has passed 50,000 robots, without citing a press release. Not independently confirmed. |
| Gecko Robotics raises $125 million… valuing startup over $1 billion | Case study | CNBC (via NBC) | 2025-06-12 | Series D of $125 million at a $1.25 billion valuation, with customers including the US Navy, L3Harris, NAES and ADNOC. Revenue not disclosed. |
| Knightscope Reports 2025 Results | Case study | Knightscope (via StockTitan) | 2026-03-30 | 2025 revenue of $11.3 million, a gross loss of $4.8 million and a net loss of $33.8 million. |
| Zipline raises over $600M, surpasses 2M commercial drone deliveries | Case study | The Robot Report | 2026-01-22 | 2 million+ commercial deliveries at a $7.6 billion valuation, with 125 million autonomous miles flown. New sites reach 100 daily orders in about 2 days. |
| Walmart Celebrates 1 Million Drone Deliveries | Case study (customer account) | Walmart | 2026-05-29 | 1 million+ drone deliveries, over 40% in a single quarter, across 66 stores in 4 states with a 23-minute average. Partners are Wing and Zipline. |
| Agility Robotics Highlights Commercial Momentum… | Case study | Agility (via Stocktwits) | 2026-10-26 | New GXO sites, a commercial agreement with Toyota Canada and an AGCO pilot. $300 million+ in committed orders is not current-period revenue; robots have logged 65,000+ hours. |
| Humanoid robot Digit moves 100,000 totes at distribution center | Case study | Assembly | 2025-11-24 | Digit moved 100,000+ totes at GXO's Flowery Branch site, placing totes onto conveyors. One of the first formal commercial humanoid deployments. |
| Schaeffler plans global use of Agility Robotics' Digit humanoid | Case study | The Robot Report | 2024-11-13 | Schaeffler made a minority investment and will buy Digit units, with its COO citing a 'significant number' across 100 plants by 2030. GXO calls its deal the first humanoid RaaS. |
| Nach 10 Monaten: BMW und Figure AI schicken F.02 in Rente | Case study | BimmerToday | 2025-11-20 | F.02 ran about 10 months, 1,250+ hours and 90,000+ parts. Figures come from Figure with no direct BMW statement; forearm cooling was a weak point. |
| Skild AI reaches $100 million in annual recurring revenue after 10 months | Case study | Robotics & Automation News | 2026-09-18 | The founder's blog claims ARR above $100 million and 60+ paying customers, with about $50 million in cumulative recognized revenue. 90% comes from manipulation work. |
| AI-powered Dexterity valued at $1.65 billion | Case study | Robotics 24/7 | 2025-03 | Raised $95 million at a $1.65 billion valuation, with customers including FedEx, UPS and GXO. Deployment scale not disclosed. |
| Diligent Robotics completes 300,000 pharmacy deliveries with Moxi | Case study | The Robot Report | 2025-07-16 | 300,000+ pharmacy deliveries and 1 million+ total deliveries across 30+ hospitals. Hospitals are not named and time savings are not quantified. |
| Monarch Tractor preps for layoffs and warns employees it may shut down | Case study | TechCrunch | 2025-11-19 | Monarch may lay off up to 102 people or shut down after losing Foxconn as manufacturer and facing dealer lawsuits. Over 70% of 2025 revenue came from licensing. |
| Deere Reveals New Autonomous Tech(CES 2025) | Case study | DTN Progressive Farmer | 2025-01-07 | Deere's second-generation autonomy kit uses 16 cameras and targets tractors such as the 9RX. The incumbent is taking a retrofit route. |
| iRobot Bankruptcy Sees Ownership… Handed Over to Supplier | Case study | CE Pro | 2025-12-15 | A prepackaged Chapter 11 hands iRobot to supplier Picea and takes it private. Causes include low-cost Chinese competitors and the failed Amazon acquisition; operations continue. |
| Update on Kroger Partnership(Ocado RNS) | Case study | Ocado (via ticker.app) | 2025-12-05 | Kroger will close 3 CFCs in January 2026 and will not build the Charlotte site. Ocado receives a one-time $350 million compensation payment. |
| LG Secures Majority Stake in Bear Robotics | Case study (acquirer account) | LG Electronics | 2025-01-24 | LG raised its stake in Bear Robotics to 51% and is folding its CLOi commercial robots into Bear. It plans a unified software platform for commercial, industrial and home robots. |
| NEO | Case study | 1X | 2026 | $200 deposit. NEO runs autonomously by default, uses scheduled 1X Expert remote supervision for tasks it cannot do, and supports VR teleoperation. |
| Dusty Robotics scales project layout automation | Case study | For Construction Pros | 2022 | Series B of $45 million; DPR runs 4 units across 16 projects. The product automates a single task: layout. |
| Here's what it could cost to hire a Digit humanoid | Blog / article | The Robot Report (Steve Crowe) | 2024-07-17 | Agility's CEO targets ROI within 2 years against $30/hour fully burdened labor, with Digit deployed as RaaS at a SPANX facility. Raising the work-to-charge ratio from 2:1 to 4:1 and 10:1 improves ROI. |
| GXO Signs Industry-First Multi-Year Agreement with Agility Robotics | Case study | Agility Robotics / GXO | 2024-06-27 | A multi-year RaaS agreement plus Agility Arc, converting a 2023 pilot into a commercial deal. Includes a quote from GXO's chief automation officer. |
| GXO Signs Industry-First Multi-Year Agreement（IR 版） | Case study | GXO Investor Relations | 2024-06-27 | The buyer announced the same deal through its investor relations channel, showing it was willing to disclose it to investors. Content matches the vendor release. |
| DHL signs MOU for additional 1,000 robot deployment | Case study | Boston Dynamics | 2025-05-13 | MOU for 1,000+ Stretch robots. DHL runs 7,500+ robots and plans over €1 billion in automation over 3 years; includes a quote from DHL Supply Chain's global CIO. |
| DHL Group signs MOU with Boston Dynamics | Case study | DHL Group | 2025-05 | The buyer's official release of the same MOU, emphasizing automation across its businesses. Useful to compare against the vendor version. |
| Walmart deal: Symbotic to acquire robotics business | Case study | Digital Commerce 360 | 2025-01-21 | $200 million plus up to $350 million in contingent consideration, with Walmart paying $520 million for a development program. The 400 APDs depend on meeting performance targets. |
| Symbotic to Acquire Walmart's Advanced Systems and Robotics Business | Case study | Symbotic IR | 2025-01-16 | Primary announcement of the deal, which could add $5 billion or more to backlog. Includes deal terms. |
| Symbotic completes acquisition of Walmart's ASR business | Case study | Barchart (Symbotic press release) | 2025-01-28 | The deal closed alongside related commercial agreements. Confirms the closing date. |
| Hourly Robot Rentals for Distribution | Case study | Supermarket News | 2022-09-30 | Formic rents robots by the hour, $15/hour versus $21 for human labor, with no charge before go-live or during downtime. Small and mid-size customers re-order and report 35% savings on labor-related costs. |
| Formic Offers Robotics as a Service and Financing to Manufacturers | Article | Robotics 24/7 | Not confirmed | Formic's RaaS and financing options for manufacturers. Background on its pricing mechanism. |
| Agility Robotics Announces Strategic Investment and Agreement with Schaeffler | Case study | Agility Robotics | 2024-11-13 | Schaeffler makes a minority investment and plans to buy Digit units, targeting deployment across 100 plants by 2030. |
| Churchill Capital Corp XI – Form 425 | Report | SEC EDGAR | 2026-06 | Agility merges with Churchill XI at about a $2.5 billion valuation, with $600 million+ in gross proceeds including a Foxconn-led PIPE. Customers include Amazon, GXO, Schaeffler and TMMC. |
| Figure humanoid robots retire after helping build 30,000 BMW cars | Article | Interesting Engineering | 2025-11-20 | Over 11 months, 1,250+ hours and 30,000+ X3 vehicles, with an 84-second cycle time and 99%+ accuracy. The forearm was the main failure point. |
| 1X Launches NEO, The Robot Redefining Life at Home | Case study | 1X via BusinessWire | 2025-10-27 | NEO opens for preorder at $20,000 for Early Access or via subscription. US deliveries are planned for 2026. |
| 1X Neo is a $20,000 home robot that will learn chores via teleoperation | Article | Engadget | 2025-10 | Independent coverage of the price and of how NEO learns chores through teleoperation. Discusses consumer privacy concerns. |
| China's Unitree debuts US$5,900 humanoid robot | Article | SCMP | 2025-07 | Unitree's R1 sells for $5,900, a sharp cut from the G1 amid a price race among Chinese makers. |
| $5,900 Unitree R1 is an ultra-lightweight, customizable humanoid robot | Article | CNX Software | 2025-07-30 | R1 specs and pricing, aimed at developers, with a comparison to the G1. |
| Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand – National Wages | Dataset | O*NET OnLine (citing BLS OEWS 2025) | 2025 data | National median wage of $19.35/hour, or $40,240 per year. |
| Hand Laborers and Material Movers – Occupational Outlook Handbook | Dataset | BLS | 2025 data | 2025 median of $18.38/hour for the broad group, plus median annual pay by detailed occupation and the job outlook. |
| Janitors and Building Cleaners – Occupational Outlook Handbook | Dataset | BLS | 2025 data | Median wage for janitors of $17.71/hour (May 2025), or $36,840 per year. |
| Employee benefits cost employers $13.58 per hour for private industry workers in June 2025 | Dataset | BLS TED | 2025 | Private-sector total compensation of $45.65/hour, of which benefits are $13.58. This implies a burden multiplier of about 1.42. |
| Employer Costs for Employee Compensation – June 2025 | Report | BLS | 2025-09-12 | Full ECEC release with compensation costs by region and occupational group. Regional figures range from $39.94 in the South to $56.67 in the Northeast. |
| Schaeffler Group Invests and Agrees to Purchase Agility Robotics Humanoids | Article | Automation World | 2024-11 | Independent coverage of the Schaeffler deal: an investment plus purchase intent across 100 plants. |
| The physical AI deployment gap | Blog | Oliver Hsu / a16z | 2026-01-13 | Lab success rates do not equal field success rates. Breaks down five barriers (distribution shift, reliability, inference latency, integration, safety) and proposes infrastructure solutions. |
| Frontier Systems for the Physical World | Blog | Oliver Hsu / a16z | 2026-04-15 | Groups robotics, autonomous science and new interfaces on a shared technical foundation and proposes five primitives. Argues the three fields reinforce each other. |
| Investing in Mind Robotics | Blog | Sarah Wang / a16z | 2026-03-11 | Explains why a16z invested in Mind Robotics, stressing the data and proving ground from Rivian's production lines. The thesis is a deployment-data-model compounding loop. |
| Intelligent robotics: the new era of physical AI | Report | Alexandra Sukin, Talia Goldberg, Bhavik Nagda / Bessemer | 2025-11-04 | Talent, technology and structural tailwinds are accelerating at once. Practical applications already pay off, but a ChatGPT moment is still years away; the ecosystem has three layers. |
| VC Eclipse has a new $1.3B to back and build physical AI startups | News | TechCrunch | 2026-04-07 | Eclipse raised $1.3B, with $591M for early-stage incubation across transportation, energy, infrastructure, compute and defense. It stresses collaboration among portfolio companies and cross-industry data. |
| Robots are really advancing because they're learning to think for themselves, execs say | News | Fortune | 2026-01-06 | Sequoia's Stephanie Zhan and Skild AI's Deepak Pathak discuss deployment moving from industry to homes. Early deployers win through the data flywheel. |
| Josh Wolfe: The ChatGPT of Robotics is Coming | Podcast | Bloomberg Odd Lots (via Lux) | 2024-04-22 | Lux co-founder on robotics' 'ChatGPT moment'. A historical thesis, useful for comparing how the argument has changed by 2026. |
| Rise of the Machines: Robotics & Physical AI Deliver Exits in Q1 | Report | Penn Mutual Asset Management | 2026-07-30 | Citing PitchBook, Q1 2026 exits totaled about $6.2B across 18 deals; citing CB Insights, 2025 funding reached $40.7B. Warns a single quarter may be an outlier. |
| π\*0.6: a VLA that Learns from Experience | Blog | Physical Intelligence | 2025-11-17 | Introduces RECAP, which more than doubles throughput and cuts failure rates by more than half. Long-run examples include making coffee for 18 hours straight. |
| π0.7: a Steerable Model with Emergent Capabilities | Blog | Physical Intelligence | 2026-04-16 | A model steerable by language, metadata and subgoal images, showing early compositional generalization and cross-embodiment laundry folding. Admits zero-shot air fryer use only partly succeeded. |
| Frontier Models for Every Robot(Pi API beta) | Blog | Physical Intelligence | 2026-10-13 | Data upload, hosted fine-tuning and hosted inference, with a waitlist and no public pricing. Includes partner cases such as Actor and Almond. |
| The Physical Intelligence Layer | Case study | Physical Intelligence | 2026-02-24 | PI positions itself as a physical intelligence layer that divides work with hardware partners. Weave (laundry folding) and Ultra (e-commerce packing) report π0.6 beats π0.5, and partner data feeds pretraining. |
| Gemini Robotics 1.5 brings AI agents into the physical world | Blog | Google DeepMind | 2025-09-25 | A dual-model setup of a VLA plus embodied reasoning; tasks learned on ALOHA 2 transfer to Apptronik Apollo and a bimanual Franka. ER 1.5 is available through the Gemini API. |
| Genie 3: a new frontier for world models | Blog | Google DeepMind | 2025-08-05 | An interactive world model at 720p and 24fps with consistency over several minutes, released as a limited research preview. DeepMind says multi-agent interaction remains an open problem. |
| Open X-Embodiment: Robotic Learning Datasets and RT-X Models | Paper / dataset | Open X-Embodiment Collaboration | 2023-10 (arXiv 2310.08864) | 22 embodiments, 1 million+ trajectories and 527 skills. RT-1-X is 50% better in small-data domains, and RT-2-X shows 3x the emergent skills of RT-2. |
| DROID: A Large-Scale In-the-Wild Robot Manipulation Dataset | Dataset | DROID team (13 institutions) | 2024 | 76,000 trajectories, 350 hours and 564 scenes on standardized Franka hardware, capturing real-world diversity. |
| Isaac GR00T(GitHub) | Code repository | NVIDIA | 2026 (N1.7) | Open-source 3B robot foundation model N1.7, trained in part on 20,000 hours of human video. Provides fine-tuning checkpoints for multiple embodiments. |
| openpi(GitHub) | Code repository | Physical Intelligence | 2025 onward | PI's open-source code and weights for the π model family, supporting fine-tuning and inference. |
| Hugging Face Robotics Course | Learning resource | Hugging Face | 2025–2026 | Free robot learning material built on LeRobot, suited to hands-on beginners. |
| Robot Learning: A Tutorial | Paper (tutorial) | Capuano, Pascal, Zouitine, Wolf, Aractingi | 2025-10-14 | Covers RL and behavior cloning through to generalist language-conditioned models, with LeRobot code examples. A strong first read for LLM engineers moving into robotics. |
| Robotic Manipulation | Learning resource | Russ Tedrake / MIT | Continuously updated | MIT's online notes on manipulation, covering classical and learning-based methods. Essential for robotics engineers. |
| Underactuated Robotics | Learning resource | Russ Tedrake / MIT | Continuously updated | MIT's online notes on underactuated systems and control, a foundation for motion control. |
| Waymo's skyrocketing ridership in one chart | News | TechCrunch | 2026-03-27 | 500,000 paid rides per week across 10 cities with a fleet of about 3,067 vehicles. Nearly tenfold growth in under two years. |
| Training Data: Jim Fan | Podcast | Sequoia Capital | 2024 | How NVIDIA's GEAR lab thinks: three data sources each have trade-offs and must be combined. Also explains the case for humanoids. |
| Physical Intelligence 职位板 | Job board | Physical Intelligence | Snapshot as of 2026-11-01 | About 44 open roles, including ML Infra, Data Quality, Forward Deployed and Environment positions. Data and deployment roles are concentrated. |
| Figure 职位板 | Job board | Figure AI | Snapshot as of 2026-11-01 | About 99 open roles, including Helix AI, Data Creators and Commercial Site Team. Commercial operations roles are growing. |
| Agility Robotics 职位板 | Job board | Agility Robotics | Snapshot as of 2026-11-01 | About 77 open roles, including Solutions Engineer, Simulation Architect and Data Platform. Most are remote or hybrid. |
| Apptronik / Generalist / 1X / Dyna / Mind Robotics / Standard Bots / Foxglove / Wayve 职位板 | Job board | Various companies | Snapshot as of 2026-11-01 | Job boards covering PM, simulation, data infrastructure, partnerships and forward-deployed roles across these companies. |
Compiled by ANSIOLABS from public sources and our own research. Last updated Nov 4, 2026 · 129 Physical AI companies across the value chain · U.S. robotics funding rounds of $50M+, Sep 2025 to Sep 2026